Vegan Neandertais? A verdade sobre o real Neandertal dieta
Uma típica representação de Neandertais imagens-los como matar o mamute lanoso. No entanto, uma placa bacteriana conta uma história diferente sobre a dieta dos Neandertais
Milos Pokimica
Escrito por: Milos Pokimica
Revisto Clinicamente Por: Dr. Xiùying Wáng, M.D.
Actualizado em 9 de Junho de 2023A representação estereotipada dos Neandertais retrata-os como matando o mamute lanoso. Há provas arqueológicas que sustentam uma tese de que a dieta neandertal era carnívora mesmo ao mesmo nível que os ursos polares, que incluía refeições pesadas em grandes herbívoros como o mamute lanoso, renas, e rinoceronte lanoso.
No entanto, os dentes de Neanderthal contam uma história diferente. A placa dentária é utilizada para analisar os amidos e proteínas que foram preservados na placa. Quando investigados, os padrões de desgaste dos seus dentes sugerem uma dieta variada. A dieta também variou em função de um local com diferenças regionais significativas. Em algumas áreas, os estudos implicam que os Neandertais consumiam principalmente plantas, possivelmente incluindo medicinais.
A descoberta significativa veio quando os cientistas analisaram os restos mortais de Neandertais de El Sidrón, Espanha. Os Neandertais de El Sidrón mostraram zero sinais de consumo de carne. Não uma pequena quantidade, mas um zero completo. Em vez de carne, obtiveram calorias de alimentos vegetais recolhidos na floresta. A placa dentária foi preenchida com restos de diferentes tipos de nozes, cogumelos, e musgo. Os veganos de Neanderthal, como poderia isso caber na típica imagem aceite? E as proteínas e o b12?
Dental plaque is a very useful tool because it can preserve genetic material from the food that animals eat for analysis. Laura Weyrich at the University of Adelaide and a team of researchers were able to produce an amazingly accurate look at what plant and animal species Neanderthals had been eating. They analyzed three samples. Two obtained fossils were from El Sidrón Cave in Spain, including the potential aspirin-popper, while one was from Spy Cave in Belgium (Gruta de Sidrón... Wikipedia). A análise provou mais uma vez a completa diversidade dos alimentos dependendo da ecologia do habitat local que estava na linha da teoria do forrageamento óptimo (OFT).

Neanderthal diet didn’t exist in essence. Diet depended on where the Neanderthals in question lived. The Belgians, for example, followed the meat-heavy pattern because they had to. Genetic material from wild sheep, woolly rhinoceros, and some mushrooms was discovered in dental plaque with also some bones in the cave from horses, mammoths, reindeer, and rhinoceros. Bones tell the identical story as the dental plaque that these groups were hunters. In the Belgian habitat, they did not forage for plant foods because there wasn’t any to be found. They had to adapt to survive the cold barren climate by hunting. They probably didn’t like it too much either.
Os Neandertais espanhóis pareciam ter uma vida mais confortável. Eram hippies frescos e vegetarianos Neandertais. A verdade sobre a verdadeira dieta Neandertal é que eles comem em grande parte cogumelos, pinhões, musgo, e outros tipos de comida que obteríamos da forragem numa floresta. Assim, os Neandertais do norte eram caçadores, e os Neandertais do sul eram forrageiros.
O que nos dizem estas provas? Um dos Neandertais de Espanha parecia ter um abcesso dentário e um insecto estomacal e era auto-medicante com álamo (Populus alba), um analgésico natural contendo ácido salicílico, o mesmo ingrediente activo na aspirina. O indivíduo também tinha consumido o molde produtor de antibióticos Penicillium. Isto é, dezenas de milhares de anos antes do Dr. Alexander Fleming utilizar uma estirpe de Penicillium para desenvolver o primeiro antibiótico, revolucionando a medicina moderna. Se queremos falar sobre os fundadores da medicina, bem, que tal antibióticos e aspirinas que estalam Neandertais?

One other thing was interesting. Weyrich’s team also managed to completely sequence one particular microbe called Methanobrevibacter oralis that lacks genes for resisting antiseptics and digesting maltose. In time this microbe has adapted to hygiene and changed human diets. Weyrich’s team calculated that the Neanderthal strain split apart from those found in modern humans between 112,000 and 143,000 years ago which suggests that the two groups were trading Methanobrevibacter likely when they had sex.
Porque é que os grupos de Neandertais que vivem no Sul são veganos? Provavelmente porque podem. Havia um ambiente muito mais amigável e um clima mais ameno com mais fontes de alimento. Os Neandertais veganos não são um grupo moral de indivíduos que decidiram ir à base de plantas como uma escolha pessoal de identidade. É uma escolha de sobrevivência. Se tivéssemos algo que pudéssemos comer crescendo ao lado da nossa caverna, iríamos caçar? Aplicando apenas estratégias óptimas de forragem, temos a resposta. Os neandertais eram anatomicamente mais vegetarianos do que carnívoros, mas nas zonas setentrionais durante a Idade do Gelo, o clima era agreste e tiveram de se adaptar e isso levou algum tempo. Tanto os Neandertais como os humanos modernos evoluíram a partir do Homo erectus. O Homo erectus era uma espécie herbívora. As primeiras ondas de migração conhecidas de H. Erectus para a Eurásia datam de há 1,81 milhões de anos. A investigação genética do relógio molecular tinha colocado o tempo de divergência entre o Neandertal e as linhagens humanas modernas de 800.000 a 400.000 anos atrás. Por esta razão, a maioria dos estudiosos acredita que os Neandertais descendem, via Homo heidelbergensis. A população Homo erectus que permaneceu em África teria evoluído através do Homo rhodesiensis intermediário, em humanos anatomicamente modernos há 300.000 anos atrás ou antes.
Neanderthal evoluiu na Europa e os seres humanos evoluíram em África e existem algumas pequenas diferenças fisiológicas. Os Homo sapiens têm arcas mais pequenas em forma de barril e pélvis estreitas. Os Neandertais tinham torsos em forma de sino com pélvis mais largas. A explicação convencional tem sido que os Neandertais precisavam de mais oxigénio devido ao clima mais frio, pelo que os seus corpos cresceram para suportar um sistema respiratório maior. Mas isto está errado. Vivendo no clima frio da Eurásia há 300.000 a 30.000 anos, os Neandertais instalaram-se em lugares como os Urais Polares e o sul da Sibéria. No meio de um Inverno de tundra, sem que se encontrassem fontes de alimento vegetal, a carne animal feita de gordura e proteínas continuava a ser a única fonte de energia. Embora a gordura seja mais fácil de digerir, ela é escassa em condições de frio. Os animais de presa queimaram as suas reservas de gordura durante o Inverno e tornaram-se muito mais magros. Deve concluir-se que os Neandertais devem ter consumido uma grande quantidade de proteína animal.
A proteína coloca enormes exigências on the kidneys and the liver to remove some of the toxic byproducts produced by burning it for energy. Humans have a protein ceiling of between 35 and 50 percent of calories in our diet. Eating much more than that can be dangerous. Neanderthals’ bodies found a way to utilize more protein by enlarging the liver and kidneys. Chests and pelvises widened also to accommodate these beefed-up organs giving them distinct look. If we look today at Inuit peoples, their diet subsists at times on all meat and nothing else and they do have larger livers and kidneys and longer ribs than average Europeans. To survive the fat famine, Neanderthals undoubtedly also specialized in hunting massive animals like mammoths. They retain fat longer in poor conditions and require less energy and speed to kill than smaller swifter prey. Mammoths are too big to escape or evade, and we only have to kill one to feast for months because meat does not spoil in constant subzero temperatures. But as these mega-beasts vanished, Neanderthals likely struggled to chase down smaller, swifter prey. In the southern part like Spain, they went the old vegan way.
What does all of this tell us about us? We didn’t have over the millennia of living in the Ice Age northern climate to adapt to a diet rich in meat to some extent. We evolved in Africa from plan based vegan lineage of 60 million years. Modern humans first left Africa 100,000 years ago in a series of slow-paced migration waves and arrived in southern Europe around 80,000-90,000 years ago.
Portanto, o que é a verdadeira dieta paleo?
Referências:
Passagens seleccionadas de um livro: Pokimica, Milos. Go Vegan? Revisão da Ciência-Parte 1. Kindle ed., Amazon, 2018.
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Aprender Sobre Nutrição
Milos Pokimica é médico de medicina natural, nutricionista clínico, escritor de saúde e nutrição médica, e conselheiro em ciências nutricionais. Autor da série de livros Go Vegan? Revisão de Ciênciaopera também o website de saúde natural GoVeganWay.com
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Milos Pokimica é médico de medicina natural, nutricionista clínico, escritor de saúde e nutrição médica, e conselheiro em ciências nutricionais. Autor da série de livros Go Vegan? Revisão de Ciênciaopera também o website de saúde natural GoVeganWay.com
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