Vegan Neandertais? A verdade sobre o real Neandertal dieta
Escrito por: Milos Pokimica
Revisto Clinicamente Por: Dr. Xiùying Wáng, M.D.
Actualizado em 9 de Junho de 2023A representação estereotipada dos Neandertais retrata-os como matando o mamute lanoso. Há provas arqueológicas que sustentam uma tese de que a dieta neandertal era carnívora mesmo ao mesmo nível que os ursos polares, que incluía refeições pesadas em grandes herbívoros como o mamute lanoso, renas, e rinoceronte lanoso.
No entanto, os dentes de Neanderthal contam uma história diferente. A placa dentária é utilizada para analisar os amidos e proteínas que foram preservados na placa. Quando investigados, os padrões de desgaste dos seus dentes sugerem uma dieta variada. A dieta também variou em função de um local com diferenças regionais significativas. Em algumas áreas, os estudos implicam que os Neandertais consumiam principalmente plantas, possivelmente incluindo medicinais.
A descoberta significativa veio quando os cientistas analisaram os restos mortais de Neandertais de El Sidrón, Espanha. Os Neandertais de El Sidrón mostraram zero sinais de consumo de carne. Não uma pequena quantidade, mas um zero completo. Em vez de carne, obtiveram calorias de alimentos vegetais recolhidos na floresta. A placa dentária foi preenchida com restos de diferentes tipos de nozes, cogumelos, e musgo. Os veganos de Neanderthal, como poderia isso caber na típica imagem aceite? E as proteínas e o b12?
Dental plaque is a very useful tool because it can preserve genetic material from the food that animals eat for analysis. Laura Weyrich at the University of Adelaide and a team of researchers were able to produce an amazingly accurate look at what plant and animal species Neanderthals had been eating. They analyzed three samples. Two obtained fossils were from El Sidrón Cave in Spain, including the potential aspirin-popper, while one was from Spy Cave in Belgium (Gruta de Sidrón... Wikipedia). A análise provou mais uma vez a completa diversidade dos alimentos dependendo da ecologia do habitat local que estava na linha da teoria do forrageamento óptimo (OFT).
Neanderthal diet didn’t exist in essence. Diet depended on where the Neanderthals in question lived. The Belgians, for example, followed the meat-heavy pattern because they had to. Genetic material from wild sheep, woolly rhinoceros, and some mushrooms was discovered in dental plaque with also some bones in the cave from horses, mammoths, reindeer, and rhinoceros. Bones tell the identical story as the dental plaque that these groups were hunters. In the Belgian habitat, they did not forage for plant foods because there wasn’t any to be found. They had to adapt to survive the cold barren climate by hunting. They probably didn’t like it too much either.
Os Neandertais espanhóis pareciam ter uma vida mais confortável. Eram hippies frescos e vegetarianos Neandertais. A verdade sobre a verdadeira dieta Neandertal é que eles comem em grande parte cogumelos, pinhões, musgo, e outros tipos de comida que obteríamos da forragem numa floresta. Assim, os Neandertais do norte eram caçadores, e os Neandertais do sul eram forrageiros.
O que nos dizem estas provas? Um dos Neandertais de Espanha parecia ter um abcesso dentário e um insecto estomacal e era auto-medicante com álamo (Populus alba), um analgésico natural contendo ácido salicílico, o mesmo ingrediente activo na aspirina. O indivíduo também tinha consumido o molde produtor de antibióticos Penicillium. Isto é, dezenas de milhares de anos antes do Dr. Alexander Fleming utilizar uma estirpe de Penicillium para desenvolver o primeiro antibiótico, revolucionando a medicina moderna. Se queremos falar sobre os fundadores da medicina, bem, que tal antibióticos e aspirinas que estalam Neandertais?
One other thing was interesting. Weyrich’s team also managed to completely sequence one particular microbe called Methanobrevibacter oralis that lacks genes for resisting antiseptics and digesting maltose. In time this microbe has adapted to hygiene and changed human diets. Weyrich’s team calculated that the Neanderthal strain split apart from those found in modern humans between 112,000 and 143,000 years ago which suggests that the two groups were trading Methanobrevibacter likely when they had sex.
Porque é que os grupos de Neandertais que vivem no Sul são veganos? Provavelmente porque podem. Havia um ambiente muito mais amigável e um clima mais ameno com mais fontes de alimento. Os Neandertais veganos não são um grupo moral de indivíduos que decidiram ir à base de plantas como uma escolha pessoal de identidade. É uma escolha de sobrevivência. Se tivéssemos algo que pudéssemos comer crescendo ao lado da nossa caverna, iríamos caçar? Aplicando apenas estratégias óptimas de forragem, temos a resposta. Os neandertais eram anatomicamente mais vegetarianos do que carnívoros, mas nas zonas setentrionais durante a Idade do Gelo, o clima era agreste e tiveram de se adaptar e isso levou algum tempo. Tanto os Neandertais como os humanos modernos evoluíram a partir do Homo erectus. O Homo erectus era uma espécie herbívora. As primeiras ondas de migração conhecidas de H. Erectus para a Eurásia datam de há 1,81 milhões de anos. A investigação genética do relógio molecular tinha colocado o tempo de divergência entre o Neandertal e as linhagens humanas modernas de 800.000 a 400.000 anos atrás. Por esta razão, a maioria dos estudiosos acredita que os Neandertais descendem, via Homo heidelbergensis. A população Homo erectus que permaneceu em África teria evoluído através do Homo rhodesiensis intermediário, em humanos anatomicamente modernos há 300.000 anos atrás ou antes.
Neanderthal evoluiu na Europa e os seres humanos evoluíram em África e existem algumas pequenas diferenças fisiológicas. Os Homo sapiens têm arcas mais pequenas em forma de barril e pélvis estreitas. Os Neandertais tinham torsos em forma de sino com pélvis mais largas. A explicação convencional tem sido que os Neandertais precisavam de mais oxigénio devido ao clima mais frio, pelo que os seus corpos cresceram para suportar um sistema respiratório maior. Mas isto está errado. Vivendo no clima frio da Eurásia há 300.000 a 30.000 anos, os Neandertais instalaram-se em lugares como os Urais Polares e o sul da Sibéria. No meio de um Inverno de tundra, sem que se encontrassem fontes de alimento vegetal, a carne animal feita de gordura e proteínas continuava a ser a única fonte de energia. Embora a gordura seja mais fácil de digerir, ela é escassa em condições de frio. Os animais de presa queimaram as suas reservas de gordura durante o Inverno e tornaram-se muito mais magros. Deve concluir-se que os Neandertais devem ter consumido uma grande quantidade de proteína animal.
A proteína coloca enormes exigências on the kidneys and the liver to remove some of the toxic byproducts produced by burning it for energy. Humans have a protein ceiling of between 35 and 50 percent of calories in our diet. Eating much more than that can be dangerous. Neanderthals’ bodies found a way to utilize more protein by enlarging the liver and kidneys. Chests and pelvises widened also to accommodate these beefed-up organs giving them distinct look. If we look today at Inuit peoples, their diet subsists at times on all meat and nothing else and they do have larger livers and kidneys and longer ribs than average Europeans. To survive the fat famine, Neanderthals undoubtedly also specialized in hunting massive animals like mammoths. They retain fat longer in poor conditions and require less energy and speed to kill than smaller swifter prey. Mammoths are too big to escape or evade, and we only have to kill one to feast for months because meat does not spoil in constant subzero temperatures. But as these mega-beasts vanished, Neanderthals likely struggled to chase down smaller, swifter prey. In the southern part like Spain, they went the old vegan way.
What does all of this tell us about us? We didn’t have over the millennia of living in the Ice Age northern climate to adapt to a diet rich in meat to some extent. We evolved in Africa from plan based vegan lineage of 60 million years. Modern humans first left Africa 100,000 years ago in a series of slow-paced migration waves and arrived in southern Europe around 80,000-90,000 years ago.
Portanto, o que é a verdadeira dieta paleo?
Referências:
Passagens seleccionadas de um livro: Pokimica, Milos. Go Vegan? Revisão da Ciência-Parte 1. Kindle ed., Amazon, 2018.
Publicações Relacionadas
Você tem alguma dúvida sobre saúde e nutrição?
Eu adoraria ouvir de você e respondê-las em meu próximo post. Agradeço sua contribuição e opinião e espero ouvir de você em breve. Eu também convido você a siga-nos no Facebook, Instagram e Pinterest para mais conteúdos sobre dieta, nutrição e saúde. Pode deixar um comentário e ligar-se a outros entusiastas da saúde, partilhar as suas dicas e experiências e obter apoio e encorajamento da nossa equipa e comunidade.
Espero que este post tenha sido informativo e agradável para si e que esteja preparado para aplicar os conhecimentos que aprendeu. Se achou este post útil, por favor partilhá-lo com os seus amigos e familiares que também possam beneficiar com isso. Nunca se sabe quem poderá precisar de alguma orientação e apoio no seu percurso de saúde.
– Você Também Pode Gostar –
Aprender Sobre Nutrição
Milos Pokimica é médico de medicina natural, nutricionista clínico, escritor de saúde e nutrição médica, e conselheiro em ciências nutricionais. Autor da série de livros Go Vegan? Revisão de Ciênciaopera também o website de saúde natural GoVeganWay.com
Medical Disclaimer
GoVeganWay.com traz análises das pesquisas mais recentes sobre nutrição e saúde. As informações fornecidas representam a opinião pessoal do autor e não pretendem nem implicam substituir aconselhamento, diagnóstico ou tratamento médico profissional. As informações fornecidas são apenas para fins informativos e não se destinam a servir como substituto para consulta, diagnóstico e/ou tratamento médico de um médico ou profissional de saúde qualificado.NUNCA DESCONSIDERE o CONSELHO MÉDICO PROFISSIONAL OU adiar a BUSCA de TRATAMENTO MÉDICO por causa DE ALGO QUE TENHA LIDO OU ACESSADO por MEIO de GoVeganWay.com
NUNCA APLIQUE QUAISQUER MUDANÇAS de estilo de VIDA OU QUALQUER MUDANÇA COMO UMA CONSEQUÊNCIA DE ALGO QUE TENHA LIDO NO GoVeganWay.com ANTES de CONSULTORIA de LICENÇA MÉDICA.
No caso de uma emergência médica, ligue para o médico ou para o 911 imediatamente. GoVeganWay.com não recomenda ou endossa qualquer específicos, grupos, organizações, exames, médicos, produtos, procedimentos, opiniões ou outras informações que podem ser mencionadas dentro.
Sugestões do Editor –
Milos Pokimica é médico de medicina natural, nutricionista clínico, escritor de saúde e nutrição médica, e conselheiro em ciências nutricionais. Autor da série de livros Go Vegan? Revisão de Ciênciaopera também o website de saúde natural GoVeganWay.com
Artigos Mais Recentes -
Planta De Notícias Com Base Em
-
Vegan Mushroom Calamari Spaghetti
em Dezembro 15, 2024
-
Factory Farms Cost UK Taxpayers Over 1.2 Billion Pounds Per Year, Says New Report
em Dezembro 15, 2024
-
Seitan Fillets With Mushroom Wine Sauce
em Dezembro 14, 2024
-
Vegan Of 50 Years Fiona Oakes Is Running 625 Miles In December
em Dezembro 14, 2024
-
Creamy Tuna And Leek Pasta
em Dezembro 14, 2024
-
‘Old And Wise’ Animals Essential For Species Survival, Study Finds
em Dezembro 14, 2024
-
How To Make Vegan Goat-Style Cheese
em Dezembro 14, 2024
Superior De Saúde De Notícias — ScienceDaily
- Generic platinum chemotherapy shortages did not increase deathsem Dezembro 14, 2024
An analysis of national data found that short-term mortality was not impacted for patients with advanced cancers during the shortage of the generic platinum chemotherapy drugs cisplatin and carboplatin that began in early 2023.
- A low omega-6, omega-3 rich diet and fish oil may slow prostate cancer growthem Dezembro 14, 2024
A new study offers new evidence that dietary changes may help reduce cancer cell growth in patients undergoing active surveillance, a treatment approach that involves regular monitoring of the cancer without immediate intervention. Men on active surveillance who followed a low omega-6, high omega-3 diet with fish oil supplements had significantly lower levels of cancer cell proliferation after one year.
- Key regulator that induces cancer-killing capacity in T cells under hypoxia is identifiedem Dezembro 14, 2024
Immune checkpoint blockades, or ICBs, have revolutionized treatment for various advanced cancers. However, their effectiveness has plateaued due to therapeutic resistance that renders tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, or TILs, ineffective. Thus, finding ways to disarm that resistance and rejuvenate anti-cancer TILs so they can kill tumor cells is an important goal for cancer clinicians.
- AI tool analyzes placentas at birth for faster detection of neonatal, maternal problemsem Dezembro 14, 2024
A newly developed tool that harnesses computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) may help clinicians from around the globe rapidly evaluate placentas at birth, potentially improving neonatal and maternal care. Early identification of placental infection could help mothers and babies receive antibiotics. The tool would be helpful for doctors in low-resource areas with no pathology labs or specialists to quickly spot issues. And in well-resourced hospitals, it could help doctors determine […]
- Unlocking the potential to better target cancer with immunotherapyem Dezembro 13, 2024
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment for patients, whereby the body’s own immune system is harnessed to destroy cancer cells. Typically, several molecules restrain the ability of T cells to target cancer cells and developing approaches to limit this restraining effect can lead to improved effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. Research has now determined the structure of how an inhibitory molecule, LAG3, interacts with its main ligand and provides a new targeted approach to […]
- A new twist: The molecular machines that loop our chromosomes also twist DNAem Dezembro 13, 2024
Scientists have discovered a new property of the molecular motors that shape our chromosomes. While six years ago they found that these so-called SMC motor proteins make long loops in our DNA, they now discovered that these motors also put significant twists into the loops that they form. These findings help us better understand the structure and function of our chromosomes. They also provide insight into how disruption of twisted DNA looping can affect health — for instance, in developmental […]
- Combined screening can detect liver damage in diabetes patientsem Dezembro 13, 2024
New research highlights the possibility of screening people with type 2 diabetes for liver damage at the same time as they undergo screening for eye disease.
PubMed, #vegan-dieta –
- Dietary selective effects manifest in the human gut microbiota from species composition to strain genetic makeupem Dezembro 14, 2024
Diet significantly influences the human gut microbiota, a key player in health. We analyzed shotgun metagenomic sequencing data from healthy individuals with long-term dietary patterns-vegan, flexitarian, or omnivore-and included detailed dietary surveys and blood biomarkers. Dietary patterns notably affected the bacterial community composition by altering the relative abundances of certain species but had a minimal impact on microbial functional repertoires. However, diet influenced […]
- The influence of a vegan diet on body composition, performance and the menstrual cycle in young, recreationally trained women- a 12-week controlled trialem Dezembro 12, 2024
CONCLUSION: The dietary change resulted in a shift in overall macronutrient distribution. Relative protein intake was significantly lower during the vegan phase than during the omnivore phase. This was also observed in a slight decrease in skeletal muscle mass. No clear effects on performance and menstrual cycle were observed during the first eight weeks. The results suggest that despite the knowledge of a balanced diet and in particular the recommendations for a vegan diet, the […]
- Achieving High Protein Quality Is a Challenge in Vegan Diets: A Narrative Reviewem Dezembro 11, 2024
The transition toward plant-based (PB) diets has gained attention as a plausible step toward achieving sustainable and healthy dietary goals. However, the complete elimination of all animal-sourced foods from the diet (ie, a vegan diet) may have nutritional ramifications that warrant close examination. Two such concerns are the adequacy and bioavailability of amino acids (AAs) from plant-sourced foods and the consequences for older vegan populations who have elevated AA requirements. This…
- Combined effects of genetic background and diet on mouse metabolism and gene expressionem Dezembro 6, 2024
In humans, dietary patterns impact weight and metabolism differentially across individuals. To uncover genetic determinants for differential dietary effects, we subjected four genetically diverse mouse strains to humanized diets (American, Mediterranean, vegetarian, and vegan) with similar macronutrient composition, and performed body weight, metabolic parameter, and RNA-seq analysis. We observed pronounced diet- and strain-dependent effects on weight, and triglyceride and insulin levels….
- Exploring Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Diet Quality in the Context of Popular Low Carbohydrate and Plant-Based Dietary Approachesem Dezembro 2, 2024
This study investigates diet quality across four popular dietary patterns: Ketogenic Diet, Low-Carbohydrate Healthy-Fat, Vegetarian, and Vegan, employing the NOVA and Human Interference Scoring System (HISS) classification systems. Utilizing a modified Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and analyzing 168 participants’ dietary habits, the research identifies notable differences in dietary quality among the dietary patterns. While all groups reported lower consumption of UPFs than the general…
Postagens aleatórias –
Postagens em destaque –
Últimas do PubMed, #dieta baseada em vegetais –
- Diet type, fasting duration, and computed tomography hepatic attenuation influence postprandial plasma lipids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, glucose, and uric acid in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)por Mariana Sosa-Higareda em Dezembro 14, 2024
CONCLUSIONS: A fasting period of 48 to 72 hours depending on analytes is recommended in bearded dragons before biochemistry analysis.
- Improvement of cereal- and legume-derived protein quality with selenium and sulfur for plant food productionpor Muna Ali Abdalla em Dezembro 13, 2024
Selenium (Se) is essential for human and animal health and nutritional status. As humans cannot produce Se, it must be obtained from the diet. Adequate Se supplementation improves innate immunity, increases antioxidant capacity and helps prevent various disorders. Sulfur (S) is an indispensable nutrient that affects plant growth, performance and yield. Cereals and legumes are global staple foods, and their proteins are considered sustainable plant-based meat alternatives, which are […]
- Slower Pace of Epigenetic Aging and Lower Inflammatory Indicators in Females Following a Nutrient-Dense, Plant-Rich Diet Than Those in Females Following the Standard American Dietpor Deana M Ferreri em Dezembro 13, 2024
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the Nutritarian diet could help reduce chronic inflammation and slow epigenetic aging.
- Functional analysis of dopa decarboxylase in the larval pupation and immunity of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostellapor Qiu-Li Hou em Dezembro 13, 2024
The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.), a notorious pest infesting cruciferous vegetables worldwide, has developed a high level of resistance to various commonly used chemical pesticides. In this paper, we explore whether dopa decarboxylase (DDC), which is essential for survival and development in insects, could be used as a potential target for the control of P. xylostella. Here, the full-length cDNA (PxDDC) of P. xylostella was identified, with a complete open reading frame of 1434 […]
- The influence of a vegan diet on body composition, performance and the menstrual cycle in young, recreationally trained women- a 12-week controlled trialpor Eduard Isenmann em Dezembro 12, 2024
CONCLUSION: The dietary change resulted in a shift in overall macronutrient distribution. Relative protein intake was significantly lower during the vegan phase than during the omnivore phase. This was also observed in a slight decrease in skeletal muscle mass. No clear effects on performance and menstrual cycle were observed during the first eight weeks. The results suggest that despite the knowledge of a balanced diet and in particular the recommendations for a vegan diet, the […]
- A pilot study of metaproteomics and DNA metabarcoding as tools to assess dietary intake in humanspor Brianna L Petrone em Dezembro 12, 2024
Objective biomarkers of food intake are a sought-after goal in nutrition research. Most biomarker development to date has focused on metabolites detected in blood, urine, skin, or hair, but detection of consumed foods in stool has also been shown to be possible via DNA sequencing. An additional food macromolecule in stool that harbors sequence information is protein. However, the use of protein as an intake biomarker has only been explored to a very limited extent. Here, we evaluate and […]