Protein Requirements- Inconvenient truth
Written By: Milos Pokimica
Medically Reviewed by: Dr. Xiùying Wáng, M.D.
Updated May 28, 2023Maybe one of the most asked questions in the vegetarian and vegan movement is:
Where did you get your protein?
It is so embedded in the subconscious mind of people through all of the mainstream propaganda and marketing that protein is something essential if not the most important so if anything else we need to consume animal products to get protein. The second question is:
Ok if you do not eat meat can you get it from milk?
We have to get our protein from somewhere. If we don’t fulfill our protein requirements we will die, so if not from meat it must be milk. We will address this about milk in the correlated articles (Milk and dairy- Health risk correlations). Many people had asked me where I get my protein, and frankly, I am sick and tired of answering that question. So finally let us have a real scientific analysis of the protein issue so that you can have an adequate understanding of the entire „problem.”
If you are a vegan yourself you will know exactly what to say to people when they ask this question, so please stick around.
Firstly, in the entire nutrition community protein is excepted as something that is essential no question asked. Real enthusiasm becomes almost immediately after it was first discovered. It was called the essence of life.
In the 1890s the USDA recommended an average of 110g of dietary protein requirements per day for an average man.
In 1950 even the UN “recognized“something they called “The world protein gap” and that when looking at indigenous people “deficiency of protein in the diet is the most serious and widespread problem in the world.” Of course, America at that time had postwar “a surplus-disposal problem“ of dried milk.
There is even a disease named Kwashiorkor discovered by Dr. Cicely Williams and blamed on protein deficiency. Dr. Cicely Williams spent the latter part of her life debunking the very condition that she first discovered.
It will be later found that it has nothing to do with protein but more to do with some of the essential amino acid deficiencies due to diets dominated by one single food item with the combination of general malnutrition. It is malnutrition in general terms combined with essential amino acid deficiencies, not protein deficiency and it only happens in children and this is the current scientific consensus. But even this might be false. There’s no real scientific evidence of dietary protein deficiency meaning double-blind placebo control trials. The real reason remains unclear, but fecal transplant studies to some extent suggest changes in gut flora that may be a causal factor or one of the main factors. Even if the cause is essential amino acid deficiencies in a grown-up adult’s body would just cannibalize some of the muscle mass in order to acquire lacking amino acids due to malnutrition. And when you have malnutrition chronically and only are able to acquire a small amount of a single food item that might lack some of the amino acids then your body would not be able to combine different amino acids from different foods to create “complete” protein. There are all of the essential amines in all of the foods basically bat not in adequate amounts. To compensate for lacking amino acids we can eat more or eat different foods, not just corn but that is not what happiness in already malnourished children. It is a disease of malnourishment not a disease of protein deficiency. If these children were getting enough calories even from just corn they would not have Kwashiorkor. It is typically associated with a maize-based diet, recent weaning, measles, or diarrheal illness in combination with malnourishment. Theoretically, this might happen in developed countries as well without macro caloric malnourishment if the diet is dominated by sugar and fat and the child doesn’t eat enough variety. If for some reason you want to raise your children on fruits only it can be done as well but the child would have to eat at least five to ten different fruits every day in combination with green leafy vegetables. This is the natural diet for more than 85% of primates today. Green leaves have all essential amino acids in adequate amounts per calorie. All vegetables unlike fruits have too much sugar and low protein per calorie because of the sugar. There was one case of a 5-year-old British child of Caucasian origin with Kwashiorkor (Lunn et al., 1998).
”Plasma albumin concentration was 16 g/I and the plasma amino acid pattern, which revealed markedly reduced levels of essential but normal to high non-essential amino acids, was similar to that described in kwashiorkor in Uganda.
A dietary history revealed that for about 2 years the child’s diet had contained very little protein but adequate energy and had been supplemented with multivitamin pills.”
(Lunn et al., 1998)
The first blow to protein worship came when anthropologist studies showed that hominins lived on an average of 15 to 20 grams of protein a day. The protein requirements in evolutionary terms were much less than protein requirements labeled by modern science. There were only two options at that point. The science about protein requirements was wrong and/or anthropologist science about hominids’ protein requirements was wrong. It resulted in the so-called “Great protein fiasco” back in the 1970s.
Industry and big pharma did not like that. There were massive recalculations and reductions in human protein requirements. The so-called “world protein gap“ was mentioned no more. It disappeared like it never existed.
For example, an infant’s protein requirement in 1948 was at 13 percent of daily calories and in 1974 protein requirement was at 5.4 percent of calories.
However, still, there are no real numbers, and do not add up to the evolution of our species. It was as high as an industry can get away with. To this day there are paleo, keto, and so on diet people that are obsessing about protein. If you like them protein is a must. No debate there. All we can talk about really is fat and carbs. If you need your protein to be “adequate“ then what is left is fat and carbohydrates. You can have a high-carb diet and low-fat or another way around a high-fat keto low-carb diet.
So, what is your diet? What is the healthiest? Did you ever hear of a low-protein diet or a high-protein diet?
Maybe if you are into bodybuilding or have kidney failure. Three macronutrients are protein, fat, and carbohydrates but no nutritional expert will ever tell you the truth about protein. They are not paid to do so. They will talk about everything they can except the real amount of protein your body needs. Everybody talks about fats and carbs, but suspiciously enough nobody talks about protein.
The only thing you will hear it is essential for life, the building blocks of every cell on earth and you need the most you can get because the more you get it, the better.
A typical American can eat on a regular basis more than 90 grams of protein a day (Fulgoni, 2008). Bodybuilders due to the marketing will end up eating up to 200 grams of protein a day. That is not health-promoting by any standard, but that is not what the industry says to these people. They say the more, the better. The more protein, the faster the muscle will grow. That is, by the way, another lie.
And why did the industry do that?
Well, first so that you will overeat on „high quality” protein because your body needs it. Because of overblown protein requirements, your diet will be focused on meat and dairy. However, the second reason is whey. It was a waste product that the industry dumped down the sewage until someone got the idea to sell it to bodybuilders. So they dehydrated the whey and what was left was dead bacteria with protein. Now you will pay a lot of money to get that waste protein powder so that you will have more protein in your diet. Something you do not need. It is all a scam. Every single thing, and by reading this article to the end you will understand why.
Why don’t we first look around the world and see where the protein is? The first thing to understand is that all protein on this planet is created by plants. Every single amino acid in every cell of every animal on this planet is derived from plants that made it in the first place. Animals are just users, and animals do not create anything. Plants do. Animals consume plants and then other animals consume animals.
There is no plant vs animal protein debate. It is all plant protein and always has been.
In nature hominins were tropical creatures so where is the protein there? If we look at our ancestor’s species and the indigenous people of today what can we see?
If we look at our real ancestors, meaning hominins in warm climates where we evolve, and look where and how much protein they get in their diets we will realize that hominins did not have a diet that was focused on protein, only Neanderthals did in the far North due to the climate. However, for us, it is a completely different story.
Before technology allowed humans to go above 40 parallel what do you think how much protein did we eat on a regular basis?
The short answer would be around 10 to 20 grams on average in a day. And all or at least 97% of the protein was plant-based and around 3% from animal origin.
Anthropological evidence shows that for most of the hominin evolution protein was never consumed in the amount that we have today. And all of the hominin species were vegan and all of the primates were as well. So how we can thrive on low-level and low-quality protein sources?
What happens is that we have a reserve of amino acids and when we eat protein it gets digested into individual amines that would be stored in that reserve. What we need is to eat different types of plant-based species with different amino acid profiles and our body will create a complete protein. We create complete protein in our body so you don’t have to eat copulate protein outside of your body whatsoever, just a couple of different plants and that is it.
For most of our evolution and this is around 50 million years our diet was pretty close to the diet of today’s living primates. The protein requirements in the diet were at the level that by today’s standards would be considered severely inadequate, but only in media. When you talk to real scientists that know about autophagy they will say to you that even that number is more than enough. Because most of the keto paleo bodybuilder type of people and average people, in general, lack a scientific background they are mostly manipulated. I will say that almost all people that think that they need protein in their diet never hear the word autophagy.
The way our body works is that because there is scarcity in nature we have evolved to save everything that can be saved. Every single thing that we can save will have a dramatic influence on our chance for survival in the world without technology that has lasted for more than 50 million years of our evolution. The same thing is with protein.
Our body saves protein. It is the process of autophagy.
What this means is that you eat yourself every day. Every cell in our body is made out of protein and when cells die they will be recycled. And this is not the same as fake recycling like plastic but real recycling that is 100 percent efficient. Auto means self and phagy means eating. We eat ourselves every day.
The only cells that we lose physically are the cells that would not be recycled and these include hair and nails and skin that physically leave our body. Everything else is recycled.
And this is a big truth that somehow most nutritionists and doctors and the entire supplement market and industry conveniently forget.
We don’t need protein to live. We recycle protein. We need to replace the protein that has left our body in a form of dead skin, hair, and nails. That is a couple of grams in one day.
That is the truth.
We have adapted to save amino acids and we have adapted to use protein recycling in a time of constant scarcity but what we have today is an environment that is not congruent with our physiology and when we overeat on protein-rich foods on a constant basis it would have severe implication on our health.
Excessive protein would create excessive hormonal signaling in a form of IGF-1 and mTOR and would stop autophagy. This would lead to the accumulation of demerged cells in time and the development of mutations. This is correlated not just with cancer but with a wide range of diseases. In the past scarcity forced our hominin ancestors to fast but what we have today is just a cancer epidemic.
If we look at statistical data from medicine in the developed world what would we find? The real truth is that throughout the entire medical practice history so far there were very few almost negligible cases of protein deficiency. There are millions of people dying from calorie deficiency meaning regular hunger but protein deficiency just by itself with enough other calories consumed no. Does not exist. There is only a case in veterinary practice when they feed cows with corn that lack one specific amino acid. There is 0.02 g amount of Tryptophan (Trp) standard amino acid in 100 g, grams portion amount of Corn, and corn is not regular cow food so low levels of Tryptophan in cattle diet can make them restless because the brain is using Tryptophan to make serotonin, a happiness hormone. A corn diet is a diet that will make cattle “depressed.” That is the only case of amino acid deficiency with adequate amounts of caloric intake that I know about.
This entire story about lacking amino acids and completeness is just a marketing myth, and I am not kidding. It started in the February 75 issue of Vogue magazine where some paid scientists made a recommendation that combining different plant proteins can create a complete one that our bodies need.
The “Complementary proteins“ myth was born and is still well alive and kicking. So what now, you still think plant proteins are not as good, and you need to eat complete protein from animal sources or at least do “complementary proteins“ combining?
Our own bodies evolved not to be stupid. We have a reserve pool of all essential amino acids disregarding almost 90 grams of proteins that our bodies recycle every day. Even if you want to do a study to design a diet from whole plant foods that will be sufficient in calories but insufficient in protein it would be scientifically impossible to do so. We can survive just eating rice or potatoes and nothing else indefinitely. For potatoes, an example would be Ireland before the potato famine where there is a single crop that managed to sustain the entire nation, and for rice entire Asian continent.
There might be some other nutrition deficit but protein or any particular amino acid no. Even carrot juice has 2 percent of protein making it sufficient for survival.
What you need to do is forget about protein. Forget that it exists. It is just a marketing scam, basically, that is what it is. You will never be deficient in protein even if you are on a fruitarian diet even if you want to design the diet to be protein deficient it is almost impossible. We and almost half of the planet until recently ate nothing but rice and had never been protein deficient.
The is no protein deficiency in the undeveloped world where the diet is still vegan diet dominated by starch. There is not much protein by modern standards in rice. Or how about this? Every human civilization from down of time or in more scientific terminology, from the Neolithic revolution to the time of the discovery of synthetic fertilizer 70 years ago was thriving on a starch-based “low protein” vegan diet. All of the human civilization for entire human history.
Still, do you think protein is important?
Ok, what will happen if you don’t eat protein in any form for an entire year at all? Would you develop Kwashiorkor?
We have obligatory 25 grams we need, that is what conventional medical science is telling us now. This is excessive but for most people, even this excessive number is extremely low and would actually cause something I like to call protein anxiety.
What would happen if we do not eat protein at all for an entire year, not one gram of it?
By the way, 100 grams of tissue is not 100 grams of protein, it is about 22 to 25. The rest of it is water and fat. If you do not eat protein for a month and do water fasting would you lose normal tissue besides fat as conventional medical science seems to propose?
And the answer is no.
You will only lose fat and some amino acids or muscle mass initially. And now I know I am going against the entire western civilization so let us remember one study I already mention in part 1 of the book series. There was a case of a morbidly obese 27-year-old Scottish man named Angus Barbieri who water fasted for an entire year under medical supervision study (Stewart et al., 1973). He was given vitamin supplements daily. No calories, no protein. From day 93 to day 162, he was given potassium and from day 345 to day 355 only he was given 2,5 g of table salt daily. No other drug treatment was given.
However, wait where is the protein?
Where are the obligatory 25 grams of it? The patient lost 276 pounds during his 382 days of dieting but wait how is he still alive? According to medical science obligatory protein is a must. How many pounds of muscle tissue did he lose if 25 grams of obligatory protein is 100 grams of normal tissue? Did the patient develop Kwashiorkor?
Well, he did not lose muscle or tissue.
He just lost fat, and the protein got recycled for an entire year. He might have lost some of the muscle, but that is it. So let me ask again.
How much protein do we need to eat to live? How about the quality or completeness of the protein?
The more likely we will suffer from an excess protein that can cause a wide range of problems from increased cancer risk, precipitated progression of coronary artery disease, disorders of liver function, disorders of renal function, and disorders of bone and calcium homeostasis (Delimaris, 2013). The best thing to do is I will write this again, forget that you have ever heard the word protein.
Start thinking mineral deficiencies, start thinking fiber, start thinking antioxidant deficiencies.
Green leafy vegetables are not considered a good source of protein by whom? The cattle industry.
What about minerals? Do green leafy vegetables have abundant minerals so that we do not need to develop special mechanisms to try to absorb them actively? We have shifted our diet, and that is exactly what we can see in the average population. An overabundance of cancer-promoting and toxifying proteins and deficiency in minerals and fiber in around 97 percent of the American population. Too much protein, too little minerals, phytochemicals, and fiber because in the past and what I mean 50 million years of hominin evolution, our diet was 97 percent plant-based and 3 percent animal-based.
References:
- Lunn, P. G., Morley, C. J., & Neale, G. (1998). A case of kwashiorkor in the UK. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 17(3), 131–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(98)80007-1
- Fulgoni, V. L. (2008). Current protein intake in America: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2004. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(5), 1554S-1557S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1554S
- Stewart, W. K., & Fleming, L. W. (1973). Features of a successful therapeutic fast of 382 days’ duration. Postgraduate medical journal, 49(569), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.49.569.203
- Delimaris I. (2013). Adverse Effects Associated with Protein Intake above the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Adults. ISRN nutrition, 2013, 126929. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/126929
Related Posts
Do you have any questions about nutrition and health?
I would love to hear from you and answer them in my next post. I appreciate your input and opinion and I look forward to hearing from you soon. I also invite you to follow us on Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest for more diet, nutrition, and health content. You can leave a comment there and connect with other health enthusiasts, share your tips and experiences, and get support and encouragement from our team and community.
I hope that this post was informative and enjoyable for you and that you are prepared to apply the insights you learned. If you found this post helpful, please share it with your friends and family who might also benefit from it. You never know who might need some guidance and support on their health journey.
– You Might Also Like –
Learn About Nutrition
Milos Pokimica is a doctor of natural medicine, clinical nutritionist, medical health and nutrition writer, and nutritional science advisor. Author of the book series Go Vegan? Review of Science, he also operates the natural health website GoVeganWay.com
Medical Disclaimer
GoVeganWay.com brings you reviews of the latest nutrition and health-related research. The information provided represents the personal opinion of the author and is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The information provided is for informational purposes only and is not intended to serve as a substitute for the consultation, diagnosis, and/or medical treatment of a qualified physician or healthcare provider.NEVER DISREGARD PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ADVICE OR DELAY SEEKING MEDICAL TREATMENT BECAUSE OF SOMETHING YOU HAVE READ ON OR ACCESSED THROUGH GoVeganWay.com
NEVER APPLY ANY LIFESTYLE CHANGES OR ANY CHANGES AT ALL AS A CONSEQUENCE OF SOMETHING YOU HAVE READ IN GoVeganWay.com BEFORE CONSULTING LICENCED MEDICAL PRACTITIONER.
In the event of a medical emergency, call a doctor or 911 immediately. GoVeganWay.com does not recommend or endorse any specific groups, organizations, tests, physicians, products, procedures, opinions, or other information that may be mentioned inside.
Editor Picks –
Milos Pokimica is a doctor of natural medicine, clinical nutritionist, medical health and nutrition writer, and nutritional science advisor. Author of the book series Go Vegan? Review of Science, he also operates the natural health website GoVeganWay.com
Latest Articles –
Plant Based News
-
Vegan Mushroom Calamari Spaghetti
on December 15, 2024
-
Factory Farms Cost UK Taxpayers Over 1.2 Billion Pounds Per Year, Says New Report
on December 15, 2024
-
Seitan Fillets With Mushroom Wine Sauce
on December 14, 2024
-
Vegan Of 50 Years Fiona Oakes Is Running 625 Miles In December
on December 14, 2024
-
Creamy Tuna And Leek Pasta
on December 14, 2024
-
‘Old And Wise’ Animals Essential For Species Survival, Study Finds
on December 14, 2024
-
How To Make Vegan Goat-Style Cheese
on December 14, 2024
Top Health News — ScienceDaily
- Generic platinum chemotherapy shortages did not increase deathson December 14, 2024
An analysis of national data found that short-term mortality was not impacted for patients with advanced cancers during the shortage of the generic platinum chemotherapy drugs cisplatin and carboplatin that began in early 2023.
- A low omega-6, omega-3 rich diet and fish oil may slow prostate cancer growthon December 14, 2024
A new study offers new evidence that dietary changes may help reduce cancer cell growth in patients undergoing active surveillance, a treatment approach that involves regular monitoring of the cancer without immediate intervention. Men on active surveillance who followed a low omega-6, high omega-3 diet with fish oil supplements had significantly lower levels of cancer cell proliferation after one year.
- Key regulator that induces cancer-killing capacity in T cells under hypoxia is identifiedon December 14, 2024
Immune checkpoint blockades, or ICBs, have revolutionized treatment for various advanced cancers. However, their effectiveness has plateaued due to therapeutic resistance that renders tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, or TILs, ineffective. Thus, finding ways to disarm that resistance and rejuvenate anti-cancer TILs so they can kill tumor cells is an important goal for cancer clinicians.
- AI tool analyzes placentas at birth for faster detection of neonatal, maternal problemson December 14, 2024
A newly developed tool that harnesses computer vision and artificial intelligence (AI) may help clinicians from around the globe rapidly evaluate placentas at birth, potentially improving neonatal and maternal care. Early identification of placental infection could help mothers and babies receive antibiotics. The tool would be helpful for doctors in low-resource areas with no pathology labs or specialists to quickly spot issues. And in well-resourced hospitals, it could help doctors determine […]
- Unlocking the potential to better target cancer with immunotherapyon December 13, 2024
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment for patients, whereby the body’s own immune system is harnessed to destroy cancer cells. Typically, several molecules restrain the ability of T cells to target cancer cells and developing approaches to limit this restraining effect can lead to improved effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. Research has now determined the structure of how an inhibitory molecule, LAG3, interacts with its main ligand and provides a new targeted approach to […]
- A new twist: The molecular machines that loop our chromosomes also twist DNAon December 13, 2024
Scientists have discovered a new property of the molecular motors that shape our chromosomes. While six years ago they found that these so-called SMC motor proteins make long loops in our DNA, they now discovered that these motors also put significant twists into the loops that they form. These findings help us better understand the structure and function of our chromosomes. They also provide insight into how disruption of twisted DNA looping can affect health — for instance, in developmental […]
- Combined screening can detect liver damage in diabetes patientson December 13, 2024
New research highlights the possibility of screening people with type 2 diabetes for liver damage at the same time as they undergo screening for eye disease.
PubMed, #vegan-diet –
- Dietary selective effects manifest in the human gut microbiota from species composition to strain genetic makeupon December 14, 2024
Diet significantly influences the human gut microbiota, a key player in health. We analyzed shotgun metagenomic sequencing data from healthy individuals with long-term dietary patterns-vegan, flexitarian, or omnivore-and included detailed dietary surveys and blood biomarkers. Dietary patterns notably affected the bacterial community composition by altering the relative abundances of certain species but had a minimal impact on microbial functional repertoires. However, diet influenced […]
- The influence of a vegan diet on body composition, performance and the menstrual cycle in young, recreationally trained women- a 12-week controlled trialon December 12, 2024
CONCLUSION: The dietary change resulted in a shift in overall macronutrient distribution. Relative protein intake was significantly lower during the vegan phase than during the omnivore phase. This was also observed in a slight decrease in skeletal muscle mass. No clear effects on performance and menstrual cycle were observed during the first eight weeks. The results suggest that despite the knowledge of a balanced diet and in particular the recommendations for a vegan diet, the […]
- Achieving High Protein Quality Is a Challenge in Vegan Diets: A Narrative Reviewon December 11, 2024
The transition toward plant-based (PB) diets has gained attention as a plausible step toward achieving sustainable and healthy dietary goals. However, the complete elimination of all animal-sourced foods from the diet (ie, a vegan diet) may have nutritional ramifications that warrant close examination. Two such concerns are the adequacy and bioavailability of amino acids (AAs) from plant-sourced foods and the consequences for older vegan populations who have elevated AA requirements. This…
- Combined effects of genetic background and diet on mouse metabolism and gene expressionon December 6, 2024
In humans, dietary patterns impact weight and metabolism differentially across individuals. To uncover genetic determinants for differential dietary effects, we subjected four genetically diverse mouse strains to humanized diets (American, Mediterranean, vegetarian, and vegan) with similar macronutrient composition, and performed body weight, metabolic parameter, and RNA-seq analysis. We observed pronounced diet- and strain-dependent effects on weight, and triglyceride and insulin levels….
- Exploring Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Diet Quality in the Context of Popular Low Carbohydrate and Plant-Based Dietary Approacheson December 2, 2024
This study investigates diet quality across four popular dietary patterns: Ketogenic Diet, Low-Carbohydrate Healthy-Fat, Vegetarian, and Vegan, employing the NOVA and Human Interference Scoring System (HISS) classification systems. Utilizing a modified Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and analyzing 168 participants’ dietary habits, the research identifies notable differences in dietary quality among the dietary patterns. While all groups reported lower consumption of UPFs than the general…
Random Posts –
Featured Posts –
Latest from PubMed, #plant-based diet –
- Diet type, fasting duration, and computed tomography hepatic attenuation influence postprandial plasma lipids, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, glucose, and uric acid in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)by Mariana Sosa-Higareda on December 14, 2024
CONCLUSIONS: A fasting period of 48 to 72 hours depending on analytes is recommended in bearded dragons before biochemistry analysis.
- Improvement of cereal- and legume-derived protein quality with selenium and sulfur for plant food productionby Muna Ali Abdalla on December 13, 2024
Selenium (Se) is essential for human and animal health and nutritional status. As humans cannot produce Se, it must be obtained from the diet. Adequate Se supplementation improves innate immunity, increases antioxidant capacity and helps prevent various disorders. Sulfur (S) is an indispensable nutrient that affects plant growth, performance and yield. Cereals and legumes are global staple foods, and their proteins are considered sustainable plant-based meat alternatives, which are […]
- Slower Pace of Epigenetic Aging and Lower Inflammatory Indicators in Females Following a Nutrient-Dense, Plant-Rich Diet Than Those in Females Following the Standard American Dietby Deana M Ferreri on December 13, 2024
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the Nutritarian diet could help reduce chronic inflammation and slow epigenetic aging.
- Functional analysis of dopa decarboxylase in the larval pupation and immunity of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostellaby Qiu-Li Hou on December 13, 2024
The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.), a notorious pest infesting cruciferous vegetables worldwide, has developed a high level of resistance to various commonly used chemical pesticides. In this paper, we explore whether dopa decarboxylase (DDC), which is essential for survival and development in insects, could be used as a potential target for the control of P. xylostella. Here, the full-length cDNA (PxDDC) of P. xylostella was identified, with a complete open reading frame of 1434 […]
- The influence of a vegan diet on body composition, performance and the menstrual cycle in young, recreationally trained women- a 12-week controlled trialby Eduard Isenmann on December 12, 2024
CONCLUSION: The dietary change resulted in a shift in overall macronutrient distribution. Relative protein intake was significantly lower during the vegan phase than during the omnivore phase. This was also observed in a slight decrease in skeletal muscle mass. No clear effects on performance and menstrual cycle were observed during the first eight weeks. The results suggest that despite the knowledge of a balanced diet and in particular the recommendations for a vegan diet, the […]
- A pilot study of metaproteomics and DNA metabarcoding as tools to assess dietary intake in humansby Brianna L Petrone on December 12, 2024
Objective biomarkers of food intake are a sought-after goal in nutrition research. Most biomarker development to date has focused on metabolites detected in blood, urine, skin, or hair, but detection of consumed foods in stool has also been shown to be possible via DNA sequencing. An additional food macromolecule in stool that harbors sequence information is protein. However, the use of protein as an intake biomarker has only been explored to a very limited extent. Here, we evaluate and […]