An optimal human diet is a basis for optimal health. When we look at the list of 15 leading causes of death more than 80% are lifestyle influenced. They are caused by our bad diet. In most cases, the disease is a choice.

It is not a bad genetic that gives us disease and that is a big open secret. For example, cancer is a preventable lifestyle disease. Real genetic causes are responsible for no more than 5% of all deaths. More than 85% of people die because of their bad diet.

Think about it in this way. If you are born with the disease and it is a serious life-threatening condition, you will have to take your medications and manage your condition the best way you could. Problem is that just 100 years ago there was no insulin, chemotherapy, antibiotics, or any other medicine available. Any disease that will require any form of treatment was life-threatening and as a consequence would be selected against. In evolutionary terms, there would never be a statistically significant number of people from the overall population that has these form of chronic diseases. They would not be able to survive and the genes would be selected against. For example, some level of cancer will be present and is present in wild animals today as well, but when we look at mortality charts we would see that almost one in every 4 people will die from cancer. The statistic of cancer mortality shows that 23.4% of all deaths are caused by cancer. This is not directly caused by bad genes.

There is one term that scientists use that is misleading. It is a term coined as “genetic predisposition” which means something completely different. The medical industry (allopathic medicine) that is based on interventional treatments and patented drugs will openly avoid this topic.

If there is an abrupt shift in our environment there is going to be maladaptation. Even if species survive the species diet would not be congruent with the current environment and in time it would have to adapt to a new environment or go extinct. Because of scientific progress and technology, it is exactly this maladaptation to our current human diet and environment that have created most of our diseases. If we have an evolutionary incongruent lifestyle and eat a diet that we are not adapted to eating depending on individual genetics different diseases will emerge. Someone will die from a heart attack, someone will have an autoimmune condition and the third person will have a stroke depending on their individual genetic predisposition. But this does not mean that we have bad genes, this means that we have a bad diet. That is a term that is used in medicine as a genetic predisposition.

The only real question is what is exactly our natural and optimal diet that will be in line with our evolution and that will decrease the risk of chronic diseases, increase the quality of life and prolong longevity. Also, we should not forget the cost of medical treatments.

It must be a Paleo diet then, right? (1)(2)

Practitioners of this type of diet are trying to simulate the conditions of living in Stone Age hunter-gatherer conditions. They are trying to eat the diet that is in line with the pseudo-hunter-gatherer lifestyle and give up the modern agricultural inventions like dairy, agrarian products, and processed foods.

This was a mystery that ended more than 70 years ago. Nutritional science is not that difficult. All we need is to look at different groups of people that have different types of diets and then look at diseases that they will have. For example, we can go to the rural places of the world that have vegan diets because of poverty and we would compare the mortality rates.

There were studies like this done long ago like a famous China study that lasted for 20 years, or Adventist Health Study (3), or even a study of the diet on the island of Crete after WW2 that has given rise to the popular “Mediterranean diet”. People that don’t know the real Mediterranean diet have nothing to do with olive oil or red vine and it was just a vegan diet in the rural population on the island of Crete. Research showed that these people do not suffer from diseases of affluence like heart disease. “Seven Country Study” was conducted in 1956 by Ancel Keys (4), the same scientist that did the Minnesota Starvation Experiment. People on the island of Crete didn’t eat olive oil or cheese, they were barely surviving. That is it.

Science has gone far from that initial period but still, there is resilience to accept new dietary guidelines and the food pyramid is the same. Governments to this day just ignore the science. This situation has created an environment where five different people promote five different types of diets preaching their own believes. I compare the situation with cigarette companies in the past that used false science and paid medical doctors to promote smoking as a healthy lifestyle choice.

Research has been available for more than five decades but still, we have a situation where diet wars are waging. In reality, even if you ask a nutritional expert why is a vegan diet associated with a lower risk of heart attack, cancer, diabetes, and all other diseases of affluence most likely he would not know the real answer.

It is because of evolutional adaptations. Carnivorous species for example never develop cardiovascular disease. They are adapted completely to meat-eating and cholesterol does not pose a risk to them.

In reality, we need to take a look at the lives of our ancestors and in a longer time spread than just the Paleo period. It took more than 50 million years to form our body. Physiology is passed, from one species to another. Hominins too had inherited their anatomy from species that came before them. All life on the planet actually can be traced back to single species.

How far we need to go? As far as we need to so that we can understand how evolutionary adaptations form. Then we would have a complete picture of what is our real natural diet.  

The first mammalian forms evolved from the cynodonts during the early Norian Age of the Late Triassic, about 225 Mya. Early mammals mostly fed on insects. They were small shrew-like animals.

The starting point of the diet was predominately insects, but they started diversifying almost immediately. It took around 140 million years for the diet to shift from insects to fruits and leaves. Not 140 thousand years, 140 million years.

In an evolutionary sense when we look at the paleo diet or something our ancestors have eaten a couple of thousands of years ago is utterly irrelevant. Physiology does change, but it needs some time to do that.

Stem-primates first appear in the fossil record between 65 and 55 million years ago. They may have been the first mammals to have fingernails in place of claws.

In time, they began to spend longer periods on lower branches of trees, feeding on fruits and nuts. At the 60 Mya mark, our ancestor species had started to eat plants. In time interval to 60 Mya evolution has diversified from eating just insects and living on the ground to fruits, nuts, and insects omnivorous diet and semi-living on trees.

Next 10 to 20 Ma is approximately the time period when diet completely shifted. Eocene Epoch (55.8-33.9 million years ago) matches with the appearance of the first species of the placental mammals. These orders or in other words their descendants are still present today.

Primates diverged into two suborders Strepsirrhini (wet-nosed primates) and Haplorrhini (dry-nosed primates). The Haplorrhini liver was the first one that lost the ability to make its own vitamin C. What this means is that they have been eating too much of the plant foods already that their bodies decided to turn off production of the vitamin C to save energy. All of their descendant species had to include fruit in the diet because vitamin C must be obtained externally. Also, this is a significant factor. Humans today too must obtain vitamin C or we will suffer and die from scurvy.

What this means is that already the early primates were dependent on plant foods on such a level that their liver discontinued producing vitamin C. In carnivores species, because they eat only meat vitamin C is produced internally, and it is not a vitamin for them. When we start to consume plants and we start to consume them in a constant manner evolution shuts down everything that is not necessary. This can tell us a lot about the diet of early primates. They transmuted to fruits and leaves instead of insects. This is the adaptation that took tens of millions of years to complete.

The point is that evolution did not begin with the emergence of modern humans in a way it stopped there because modern humans exist only three hundred thousand years. That is an insignificant number in evolutionary terms. After the great extinction of non-avian dinosaurs, the first modern forms of mammals had appeared 66 million years ago. They climbed to the trees and became completely herbivorous.

There is a big difference between real omnivores that can digest rotting meat and have short intestines and plant-eating species that need to eat constantly during the entire day to get enough calories for survival. Plant eaters have a colon that ferments fiber and much longer intestines. In reality, the real omnivores need to have strong resistance filters like any other carnivore or they will die from bacterial food poisoning. Humans are not true anatomical omnivores and we need to use fire and cooking in order to digest animal products. Everything can be eaten and all of the primates will eat meat if they can but this process just by itself is not natural, it is sporadic and doesn’t result in physiological adaptations.

To the time where there was a significant climate change toward the end of the Pliocene, our ancestor species have lived on threes evolving on fruit and green leaves and flowers only. They have grown in size and intelligence. Most of our brain, body, and genetics, evolutionary biology, and physiology evolved on trees.

At the end of Pliocene (that lasted from two million to 10,000 years ago), weather circumstances started to shift. The Pleistocene was marked by a much colder climate and recurring glaciations of the northern hemisphere. So-called Ice Age. These conditions had to force our ancestors to adapt even more perhaps to become a new type of herbivore, one entirely dependent on social and technological innovation and not just foraging. Thus, forcing adaptation that requires to a great extent increased brainpower.

Brain size thus has nothing to do with meat consumption.

Fruits, flowers, green leaves and vegetables, underground storage units, and nuts and seeds with no meat, no dairy, no eggs were a diet that created our organism in millions of years of evolution. In hominins from the genus Homo that evolved from Australopithecines, we can see more diversification about 3.5 million years ago. At that time some members also added grasses or sedges to their menus. For another million years that was the diet.

The earliest evidence for meat-eating in hominins dates to 2.5 Mya. Some of the fossil findings are consistent with scavenging activities with no hunting. Meaning bone marrow or insects or something in similar nature in no more than a couple of percent of overall calories. Something similar to the baboons or chimpanzee’s diets. This meat source was insignificant to the scale of producing any physiological adaptation that will translate to any evolutionary change in biology. The adoption of large-scale meat-eating may have necessitated advanced processing techniques, such as cooking, in part because raw meat is full of putrefying bad bacteria and other types of bad micro-organisms and parasites that will eventually kill us if are not killed themselves by a thermal process. Thus limiting consumption in large quantities.

The limiting factor that a large number of scientists do not seem to understand is that meat spoils very quickly in the hot savanna conditions of Africa. In 2h, just two, it is gone. In 15 minutes there would already be insects crawling on top of the carcass and also there would be other predators looking for an easy meal.

In order to consume meat on a scale that will be significant to create an adaptation, it will have to be the staple of the diet with a calorie influx of at least 10 to 15 percent. That will be a real omnivorous diet. Without large-scale hunting on a daily basis, that is impossible. Without technology, like traps or spears, it is not a logical assumption and without cooking, it is 100% not a liable option.

The first time in the evolution of the entire human species where meat consumption would be a reliable and sustainable source of calories would be in already modern humans that use technology. Even in the Paleo period, the real archeological evidence shows that meat was not a sustainable source of diet and that it was more in line with being an added benefit to foraging. Foraging was first and hunting second. The real Paleo diet is something completely different then what people would like to think.

Omnivorous diet is a wide range of diets. It might be 99% fruits and 1% of insects. True omnivores like bears can feed on carcasses. Our natural human diet is something that our hominin ancestors were eating, not anatomically modern humans in the Stone age. In reality, we can get away with some meat consumption without a dramatic increase in our chronic disease risk and science now has all of the answers (5).

The problem is with us, people because we want our food to be a source of gratification and that is not food that exists in nature. Refined calories and animal products are not congruent with our biology and as a consequence, we will have to deal with an increase in disease risk. The first step in the prevention of chronic diseases is the lowering of consumption of animal products and refined food.

If you have any dilemma about what is our natural human diet just go to nature. It is a human diet that we would be able to have without using technology like spears, traps, bows, and arrows.

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Sources:

Passages selected from a book: “Go Vegan? Review of Science: Part 1” [Milos Pokimica]

1. Paleo diet still lacks evidence. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.139006
2. Cutting through the Paleo hype: The evidence for the Palaeolithic diet. Aust Fam Physician. 2016 Jan-Feb;45(1):35-8.
3. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. doi: 10.3390/nu6062131.
4. How the Seven Countries Study contributed to the definition and development of the Mediterranean diet concept: a 50-year journey. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.12.001
5. Meat Intake and Mortality: A Prospective Study of Over Half a Million People doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.6.